# PostgreSQL &version; Documentation

The PostgreSQL Global Development Group
PostgreSQL &version; &legal;

&intro;

## Tutorial

Welcome to the PostgreSQL Tutorial. The tutorial is intended to give an introduction to PostgreSQL, relational database concepts, and the SQL language. We assume some general knowledge about how to use computers and no particular Unix or programming experience is required. This tutorial is intended to provide hands-on experience with important aspects of the PostgreSQL system. It makes no attempt to be a comprehensive treatment of the topics it covers.

After you have successfully completed this tutorial you will want to read the section to gain a better understanding of the SQL language, or for information about developing applications with PostgreSQL. Those who provision and manage their own PostgreSQL installation should also read .

&start; &query; &advanced;

## The SQL Language

This part describes the use of the SQL language in PostgreSQL. We start with describing the general syntax of SQL, then how to create tables, how to populate the database, and how to query it. The middle part lists the available data types and functions for use in SQL commands. Lastly, we address several aspects of importance for tuning a database.

The information is arranged so that a novice user can follow it from start to end and gain a full understanding of the topics without having to refer forward too many times. The chapters are intended to be self-contained, so that advanced users can read the chapters individually as they choose. The information is presented in narrative form with topical units. Readers looking for a complete description of a particular command are encouraged to review the .

Readers should know how to connect to a PostgreSQL database and issue SQL commands. Readers that are unfamiliar with these issues are encouraged to read first. SQL commands are typically entered using the PostgreSQL interactive terminal psql, but other programs that have similar functionality can be used as well.

&syntax; &ddl; &dml; &queries; &datatype; &func; &typeconv; &indices; &textsearch; &mvcc; &perform; &parallel;

## Server Administration

This part covers topics that are of interest to a PostgreSQL administrator. This includes installation, configuration of the server, management of users and databases, and maintenance tasks. Anyone running PostgreSQL server, even for personal use, but especially in production, should be familiar with these topics.

The information attempts to be in the order in which a new user should read it. The chapters are self-contained and can be read individually as desired. The information is presented in a narrative form in topical units. Readers looking for a complete description of a command are encouraged to review the .

The first few chapters are written so they can be understood without prerequisite knowledge, so new users who need to set up their own server can begin their exploration. The rest of this part is about tuning and management; that material assumes that the reader is familiar with the general use of the PostgreSQL database system. Readers are encouraged review the and parts for additional information.

&installbin; &installation; &runtime; &config; &client-auth; &user-manag; &manage-ag; &charset; &maintenance; &backup; &high-availability; &monitoring; &wal; &logical-replication; &jit; &regress;

## Client Interfaces

This part describes the client programming interfaces distributed with PostgreSQL. Each of these chapters can be read independently. There are many external programming interfaces for client programs that are distributed separately. They contain their own documentation ( lists some of the more popular ones). Readers of this part should be familiar with using SQL to manipulate and query the database (see ) and of course with the programming language of their choice.

&libpq; &lobj; &ecpg; &infoschema;

## Server Programming

This part is about extending the server functionality with user-defined functions, data types, triggers, etc. These are advanced topics which should be approached only after all the other user documentation about PostgreSQL has been understood. Later chapters in this part describe the server-side programming languages available in the PostgreSQL distribution as well as general issues concerning server-side programming. It is essential to read at least the earlier sections of (covering functions) before diving into the material about server-side programming.

&extend; &trigger; &event-trigger; &rules;

&xplang; &plsql; &pltcl; &plperl; &plpython;

&spi; &bgworker; &logicaldecoding; &replication-origins; &archive-modules;

&reference;

## Internals

This part contains assorted information that might be of use to PostgreSQL developers.

&arch-dev; &catalogs; &system-views; &protocol; &sources; &nls; &plhandler; &fdwhandler; &tablesample-method; &custom-scan; &geqo; &tableam; &indexam; &wal-for-extensions; &indextypes; &storage; &transaction; &bki; &planstats; &backup-manifest;

## Appendixes

&errcodes; &datetime; &keywords; &features; &release; &contrib; &external-projects; &sourcerepo; &docguide; &limits; &acronyms; &glossary; &color; &obsolete;

&biblio;